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Most cancers exhibit aneuploidy, but its functional significance in tumorigenesis is controversial. Recently, in a research report titled "Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers" published in the international journal Science, scientists from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and other institutions found that cancer cells with extra chromosomes may rely on these chromosomes to fuel tumor growth. Eliminating these extra chromosomes prevents the cells from forming tumors. Related research results suggest that selectively targeting extra chromosomes may provide a new way to treat cancer.
The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine has allowed us to witness the effectiveness, safety and great potential of mRNA technology. Currently, research institutions around the world are targeting cancer as the next target for mRNA technology. mRNA cancer vaccines activate cellular immunity to attack cancer cells by producing proteins (i.e., tumor antigens) specifically expressed in cancer cells. However, cancer cells are not easily distinguishable from normal cells, and cancer cells are immunosuppressive, making the development of mRNA cancer vaccines more challenging than mRNA infectious disease vaccines. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficacy of mRNA cancer vaccines, and enhancing immune activation through adjuvants is an effective strategy. But if the adjuvant is too strong, it will cause adverse reactions. An adjuvant that is too weak does not provide sufficient activation. Previous mRNA vaccines all have adjuvant effects, but there is a lack of rational and practical methods to obtain controllable adjuvant activity. Researchers from the Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion in Japan published a research paper titled "Comb-structured mRNA vaccine tethered with short double-stranded RNA adjuvants maximizes cellular immunity for cancer treatment" in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study constructed a brand-new mRNA structural form, combining the single-stranded mRNA sequence encoding the antigen with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to form a comb-like structure, in which the single-stranded mRNA is responsible for producing the antigen, and the dsRNA acts as an assistant. It can further activate immune cells, and has shown high anti-tumor effects in melanoma and lymphoma model mouse experiments. The intensity of immune stimulation can also be controlled by adjusting the amount of dsRNA, so as to achieve controllable adjuvant activity and ensure safety while improving vaccine efficacy. In this study, the research team used mRNA engineering techniques to develop a method to directly incorporate an adjuvant into single-stranded mRNA encoding an antigen without interfering with its ability to produce the antigenic protein. The research team designed a short dsRNA targeting the natural immune receptor RIG-I, and loaded it onto the single strand of mRNA by hybridization, thereby obtaining a comb-structured mRNA. By changing the dsRNA length and sequence, are able to efficiently activate RIG-1. Comb-structured mRNA generated by this method efficiently activates dendritic cells (DCs), which play an important role in vaccine efficacy. In addition, the intensity of immune stimulation can also be controlled by changing the amount of dsRNA bound to the single strand of mRNA. This is critical to achieve adequate vaccine efficacy while preventing excessive immune activation and ensuring safety. Next, the research team evaluated the effect of this new mRNA cancer vaccine in tumor mouse models. The results showed that when comb-structured mRNAs were loaded onto lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) used in clinical trials of cancer vaccines, the cellular immune activity necessary to attack cancer cells was significantly enhanced. In mouse models of melanoma and lymphoma, the tumors were significantly reduced in size and their lifespan was significantly extended.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique in molecular biology. It allows researchers to amplify specific DNA fragments from complex mixtures, providing a powerful tool for a wide range of applications from genetic research to medical diagnostics. In addition to standard PCR amplification, variants of this technique have also been developed. These include reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Although widely adopted and routinely used, errors can occur leading to poor quality PCR products and thus unreliable results. Proper PCR protocol design and optimization can help reduce errors. An understanding of PCR principles, awareness of common mistakes, and experience can help researchers prevent problems in the first place and troubleshoot problems when they do occur. In this article, we provide a PCR troubleshooting guide covering some of the most common problems researchers encounter and how to overcome them.
In order to maximize the therapeutic potential and improve the efficacy and safety of engineered cells, it is often necessary to express large fragments of genes or complex gene circuits in cells. For example, when constructing CAR-T cells, the ability of T cells to kill cancer cells can be improved by introducing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes into T cells. CRISPR activation (CRISPRa), CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and logic gates can further enhance the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy, but its long-term expression in primary cells remains a major challenge.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a manageable chronic disease and increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). During antiretroviral therapy, HIV can quietly hide in a reservoir of CD4+ T lymphocytes, a special type of white blood cell that plays an important role in activating the body's immune system to fight infection. The existence of these viral sanctuaries may explain why antiretroviral therapy must be continued throughout a patient's life to prevent HIV from replicating. According to WHO data, by the end of 2021, more than 3,800 people worldwide will be infected with HIV.
The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique widely used in molecular biology to amplify specific regions of DNA. PCR is an essential tool in many applications, including genetic testing, research, and clonal analysis. However, to achieve accurate and reliable PCR amplification, several technical factors must be considered. In this article, we provide some practical tips for optimizing PCR amplification.
Research On Glial Cells
For decades, research groups around the world have devoted enormous efforts to improving the performance of productive CHO cell lines. Attempts at these cell line manipulations are aimed at achieving higher productivity and product yield, and leverage existing knowledge on transcription, translation, cellular metabolism, signaling pathways, and secretion mechanisms. The main strategies for host cell engineering are based on the overexpression of genes favoring cell proliferation, longevity, stress resistance and apoptosis, protein production and secretion. Numerous studies have shown that transient or stable overexpression of key genes involved in cell metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and glycosylation increases growth rate and productivity, respectively, and improves product quality.
When symptoms do occur, they may be mistaken for other illnesses — such as the flu — and usually begin four to 10 days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito. Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms:HeadacheMuscle, bone or joint painNauseaVomitingPain behind the eyesSwollen glandsRash
As one of the vital organs of the human body, the importance of the kidney is self-evident. According to data from the National Health and Medical Commission, it is predicted that by 2040, chronic kidney disease will become the fifth leading cause of death in the world. The incidence of chronic kidney disease in my country is as high as 10.8%, and the number of patients exceeds 100 million. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find treatments for damaged kidney function, and some scientists have focused on restoring the kidney's ability to regenerate.
