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Pancreatic cancer is the deadliest of all cancers. Only 12% of men diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are alive five years after diagnosis; 14% of women. In pancreatic cancer, symptoms are usually not obvious and usually appear later in its progression. Once this cancer spreads, it is difficult to treat because it cannot be completely removed by surgery.
Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the colon (large intestine) or rectum, both of which are part of the digestive system. It usually starts as abnormal growths called polyps that form on the lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps may become cancerous if left untreated.
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) published online a research paper titled "AMBRA1 controls the translation of immune-specific genes in T lymphocytes" by the research group of Yikun Yao from the Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study screened and identified the key regulatory protein AMBRA1 in the FAS-mediated T cell death process, revealing a new mechanism by which AMBRA1 controls TCR signaling, T cell cycle and T cell death at the translation level.
Pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) can spread between cells in part by binding to lymphocyte activation gene 3 (Lag3). Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature Communications, scientists from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and other institutions have identified a potential new biological target involving Aplp1, a cell surface protein that can drive the spread of α-synuclein that causes Parkinson's disease.
Host cells are the most commonly used key starting materials for the production of recombinant proteins, antibody drugs or vaccine drugs. The types of host cells used for the production of biological products mainly include bacterial cells (such as Escherichia coli), yeast cells (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammalian cells (including Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells), etc.
Recently, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed a new method that uses light signals instead of electrical signals to stimulate muscles. Compared to electrical stimulation, this optogenetic technology provides more precise muscle control while significantly reducing muscle fatigue. Relevant research was recently published in the journal Science Robotics, titled "Closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation enables high-fidelity fatigue-resistant muscle control."
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) lead to genomic instability and are a key feature of cancer development. DSBs are mainly repaired through homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
Recently, Zhang Feng's team from the Broad Institute published a research paper titled "Human paraneoplastic antigen Ma2 (PNMA2) forms icosahedral capsids that can be engineered for mRNA delivery" online in PNAS. The study systematically explored human PNMA proteins and found that human cells secrete many PNMAs.
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a central regulator of the body's innate immunity. It can mainly recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide cell wall components and induce the release of cytokines. Recently, in a research report titled "RHBDL4-triggered downregulation of COPII adapter protein TMED7 suppresses TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling" published in Nature Communications, scientists from the University of Cologne and other institutions found that the intramembrane protease RHBDL4 may be able to effectively prevent the body's excessive immune response. In the article, the researchers found that cleavage of cargo receptors by so-called intramembrane proteases reduces the localization of central immune receptors on the cell surface, thereby reducing the risk of an overreaction by the body's immune system.
