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The characteristic of trained immunity is that innate immune cells undergo histone modification and metabolic changes after exposure to inflammatory signals, which will lead to an increase in the body's responsiveness to secondary stimulation. Although researchers are now increasingly beginning to understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms behind the body's trained immunity, the key role played by adaptive immune cells is still unclear.
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is the primary cancer drug target for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Since PD-1 receptor inhibition activates tumor-specific T cell immunity, researchers have mainly focused on the expression of PD-1 on T cells and its immunobiological characteristics. In contrast, researchers currently do not know what the mechanism behind the functional regulation of PD-1 in cancer cells is.
Researchers from the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and Moderna recently published a research paper titled "Comparison of protection against mpox following mRNA or modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in nonhuman primates" in the journal Cell. The study compared the effectiveness of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and mRNA-1769 vaccines in non-human primates. The results showed that, similar to MVA, mRNA-1769 produced a protective effect against monkeypox virus attack and further reduced symptoms and course of the disease. Compared with MVA, mRNA-1769 enhanced viral control and disease reduction, highlighting the potential of mRNA vaccines in reducing the threat of future pandemics.
Niren Murthy from the University of California, Berkeley, Aijun Wang from the University of California, Davis, and others published a research paper titled "Acid-degradable lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of mRNA" in Nature Nanotechnology. The study developed an acid-degradable linker called "azido-acetal", which was used to synthesize degradable lipids composed of polyethylene glycol lipids, anionic lipids, and cationic lipids, and based on this, LNPs (RD-LNPs) that hydrolyze rapidly in endosomes were synthesized. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, RD-LNP significantly improved the performance of LNP-mRNA complexes. Compared with traditional LNPs, mRNA is more effectively delivered to the liver, lungs, spleen, and brain of mice, as well as hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro.
PARP inhibitors can improve the survival of breast cancer patients with BRAC1/2 mutations, but the drugs will eventually stop working and the cancer will recur. Recently, in a research report titled "FLT1 activation in cancer cells promotes PARP-inhibitor resistance in breast cancer" published in the international journal EMBO Molecular Medicine, scientists from Columbia University and other institutions discovered a new cancer drug that can prevent or slow the recurrence of cancer by studying cancer-bearing mice.
Hyperuricemia (HU) is a metabolic disease caused by high serum uric acid (SUA) levels due to insufficient renal excretion, excessive production, or insufficient intestinal excretion. Various conventional treatments are commonly used to treat HU, such as valproic acid and allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor). Valproic acid increases urination, thereby enhancing the excretion of urate crystals, while allopurinol relieves symptoms by reducing uric acid production by inhibiting xanthine oxidase. However, increased urination increases the excretion of urate crystals, leading to kidney damage.
Cytokines are a class of small proteins that play key regulatory roles in immune signaling cascades. Due to their multifunctional roles in lymphocytes, cytokines have long been considered promising cancer immunotherapeutics. Systemically administered cytokines are potent immunotherapeutics but can cause severe dose-limiting toxicities.
The selective metastasis of cancer cells to specific organs is a complex process that is influenced not only by anatomical factors but also by biological and organ-specific microenvironmental factors. The pre-metastatic niche refers to soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by cells at the primary tumor site, which can modify the microenvironment of distant organs to accommodate migrating cancer cells and promote their growth. In addition, disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) can enter a dormant state in the circulation and in the new tissue environment, evade immune surveillance, and interact with the tissue microenvironment to awaken from dormancy. Finally, metastatic colonization requires multiple biological processes. These processes rely on the intrinsic properties of cancer cells and the permissive tumor microenvironment provided by cells in the target organ.
On August 14, 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the monkeypox (mpox) outbreak in parts of Africa constitutes a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC). This is the second time in two years that the WHO has declared a monkeypox outbreak a PHEIC event. PHEIC is the highest alert level under international health law. The WHO said that the monkeypox outbreak has the potential to spread further in Africa and to other continents. According to a report released by the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the beginning of this year to July 28, the number of new monkeypox cases in Africa has surged by 160% compared with the same period last year. So far, 34 African countries have reported the discovery of the disease or have been identified as "high-risk" countries.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by clonal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells. Recently, in a research report entitled "STAT3 in acute myeloid leukemia facilitates natural killer cell-mediated surveillance" published in the international journal Frontiers in Immunology, scientists from Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences in Austria and other institutions found that STAT3 protein may help the immune system identify leukemia cells. The relevant research results are very important for the development of new immunotherapies in the future.
